Definition Optical Instrument and Miscellaneous Equipment Optics is our discussion at this time, This is it ...
Can any of your classmates who wear glasses? Have you used a microscope or magnifying glass while doing experiments in the laboratory? Or have you ever seen people taking photographs? The tools used in such activities is called optical instruments. In this post we will discuss about the optical devices that are all around us and also will menganilis optical devices are qualitatively and quantitatively.
Can any of your classmates who wear glasses? Have you used a microscope or magnifying glass while doing experiments in the laboratory? Or have you ever seen people taking photographs? The tools used in such activities is called optical instruments. In this post we will discuss about the optical devices that are all around us and also will menganilis optical devices are qualitatively and quantitatively.
A. Definition
Optical instrument is a tool that works on the principle of light. Optical instrument to make human life easier and meaningful. You can enjoy the beauty of the universe, to capture the most beautiful moments on the sheets of photos, or even make a single hair on the head becomes visible by the arm.
B. Macam-Macam Optical
1. Eye
Every human being has the most advanced optical instrument ever, namely the eye. Eyes are part of sensory function to see. Mata helped us enjoy the beauty of nature, seeing friends, watching things around, and many more that we can enjoy through the eye. Just imagine if people do not have a blind eye or our eyes, of this world looks dark.
If observed, it turns out the eye consists of several parts, each of which has a different function but mutually supportive. Parts of the eye are important, among others, the cornea, pupil, iris, aquaeus humor, accommodation muscle, eye lens, retina, vitreous humor, yellow spots, blind spots, and the optic nerve.
• The cornea. The cornea is the outer part of the eye that is thin, soft and transparent. Cornea function to receive and transmit light entering the eye, as well as protecting the sensitive part of the eye underneath.
• The pupils. Pupils are narrow circular slit and functioning so that light can enter the eye.
• Iris, Iris is the colored membrane black, blue, or brown which serves to adjust the size of the pupil. Color is what you see as the color of a person's eyes.
• Aquaeus Humour. Aquaeus humor is a liquid in front of the lens to refract light into the eye.
• Muscle Accommodations. Muscles accommodation is a muscle that attaches to the lens of the eye and serves to regulate the thick and thin lens of the eye.
• Eye lens. The lens is convex-shaped, fibrous, elastic and clear. This lens serves to refract light from objects that formed a shadow on the retina.
• retina. The retina is the back of the eye that serves as the formation of a shadow.
• Vitreous Humour. Vitreous humor is the fluid inside the eyeball which serves to transmit light from the lens to the retina.
• Yellow spot, yellow spot is part of the retina that serves as a clear image formation.
• Blind Spot. The blind spot is the part of the retina that when shadows fall on this part, then the shadow seemed unclear or fuzzy.
• Nerves Eyes. Nerves eye shadow befungsi to continue stimulation of the retina to the brain.
Process invisibility of objects by the eye are the objects that are in front of the eyes reflect light. The light enters the eye through the pupil who will then refracted by the lens of the eye, forming a shadow on the retina. By nerves, the shadow was forwarded to the central nerve (brain), so you impressed to see objects.
a. Power Eye Accommodation
Your eyeballs fixed shape, so the distance lens of the eye to the retina is also fixed. This means that the image formed within the eyepiece is always fixed, whereas the distance of different things that we see. How can we still be able to see objects at a distance images which form remains, despite the distance objects seen change? Of course we have to change the focal distance of the eye lens, by changing the curvature of the eye lens. This is why we can see objects that have different distances without difficulty. This ability is a gift from God that until now have not been able to imitate humans.
Eyepiece can mencembung or flattened automatically for their accommodation muscles (ciliary muscle). To view the object that is located close by, the ciliary muscles tensed so eyepiece mencembung and vice versa to see objects far away, the ciliary muscles slacken (relaxed), so that the eye lens flattened. The ability of the eye muscle to thicken or flattens power eyepiece called eye accommodation.
To be the object / objects can be seen clearly, the object must be located in the area of eyesight, which is between the near point and the far point of the eye. Near point (punctum proximum = pp) is the closest point that can still be seen clearly by eyes (± 25 cm). At this point near the eyepiece will mencembung maximum. A distant point (punctum remotum = pr) is the furthest point which can still be seen clearly by the eye, the distance is infinite. At this distant point, the eye's lens will be flattened maximum.
b. Eye defects
Not all of the human eye can form an image precisely on the retina, no eye has experienced an anomaly. This can occur because of eye accommodation has been reduced so far point or points near the eye has shifted. Such state of the eye is called eye defects.
Eye defect that affects a person's eyes can be caused by the work (custom eye) is excessive or birth defects.
1) myopia (nearsighted Far)
Myopia is a condition in which the eye can not clearly see objects that are far away. People with myopia point away closer than infinity (a distant point <~) and a nearby point of less than 25 cm. This occurs because the eye lens can not be flattened as it should so that the shadow of the object far away will fall in front of the retina. To be able to see objects that are far away so evident, patients helped by glasses myopia concave lens (negative).
Myopia can occur because the eye is too often / accustomed to seeing objects up close. This eye defects often experienced watchmaker, welders, computer operators, and so on.
2) hipermetropi (Rabun Close)
Hipermetropi is eye defect where the eye can not clearly see objects that are located close by. Nearby points farther than a point near normal eye (near point of> 25 cm).
Patients hipermetropi can only see clearly objects that are far away so that the visually impaired are often called bright eyes away. Hipermetropi caused eye lens is too flat and hard dicembungkan so when looking at objects that are located near, the shadow falls behind the retina. In order to see objects that are located close to clear, patients hipermetropi helped with eye glass convex lens (positive).
Hipermetropi can occur because the eye is too often / accustomed to seeing objects that are far away. Eye defect is often experienced by people who worked as a driver, captain, pilot, machinist, and so forth.
3) presbiopi (Old Currency)
People who are old, usually the accommodation power has been reduced. In the eyes presbiopi, nearby point much farther than a point near normal eye (near point of> 25 cm) and a point away much closer than normal eye point (point away <~). Therefore, patients presbiopi can not see objects that are located near or far.
To be able to see much clearly and to read at a normal distance, presbiopi sufferers can be helped by double-lens glasses (bifocal glasses). Bifocal glasses are glasses consisting of two lenses, namely a concave lens and a convex lens. Concave lens function to see distant objects and a convex lens to see objects close / read.
4) Astigmatism
Astigmatism is eye defect in which the curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye is uneven so that the beam can be focused by the eye is not perfect. Astigmatism eye defects can not distinguish vertical lines with horizontal lines together. This eye defect can be remedied with a cylindrical lensed glasses.
c. Optical illusion
Besides having many advantages, the human eye also has some limitations. Therefore, in the observation and measurement, the eye does not always give the right things. Consider the following picture!
Your eyeballs fixed shape, so the distance lens of the eye to the retina is also fixed. This means that the image formed within the eyepiece is always fixed, whereas the distance of different things that we see. How can we still be able to see objects at a distance images which form remains, despite the distance objects seen change? Of course we have to change the focal distance of the eye lens, by changing the curvature of the eye lens. This is why we can see objects that have different distances without difficulty. This ability is a gift from God that until now have not been able to imitate humans.
Eyepiece can mencembung or flattened automatically for their accommodation muscles (ciliary muscle). To view the object that is located close by, the ciliary muscles tensed so eyepiece mencembung and vice versa to see objects far away, the ciliary muscles slacken (relaxed), so that the eye lens flattened. The ability of the eye muscle to thicken or flattens power eyepiece called eye accommodation.
To be the object / objects can be seen clearly, the object must be located in the area of eyesight, which is between the near point and the far point of the eye. Near point (punctum proximum = pp) is the closest point that can still be seen clearly by eyes (± 25 cm). At this point near the eyepiece will mencembung maximum. A distant point (punctum remotum = pr) is the furthest point which can still be seen clearly by the eye, the distance is infinite. At this distant point, the eye's lens will be flattened maximum.
b. Eye defects
Not all of the human eye can form an image precisely on the retina, no eye has experienced an anomaly. This can occur because of eye accommodation has been reduced so far point or points near the eye has shifted. Such state of the eye is called eye defects.
Eye defect that affects a person's eyes can be caused by the work (custom eye) is excessive or birth defects.
1) myopia (nearsighted Far)
Myopia is a condition in which the eye can not clearly see objects that are far away. People with myopia point away closer than infinity (a distant point <~) and a nearby point of less than 25 cm. This occurs because the eye lens can not be flattened as it should so that the shadow of the object far away will fall in front of the retina. To be able to see objects that are far away so evident, patients helped by glasses myopia concave lens (negative).
Myopia can occur because the eye is too often / accustomed to seeing objects up close. This eye defects often experienced watchmaker, welders, computer operators, and so on.
2) hipermetropi (Rabun Close)
Hipermetropi is eye defect where the eye can not clearly see objects that are located close by. Nearby points farther than a point near normal eye (near point of> 25 cm).
Patients hipermetropi can only see clearly objects that are far away so that the visually impaired are often called bright eyes away. Hipermetropi caused eye lens is too flat and hard dicembungkan so when looking at objects that are located near, the shadow falls behind the retina. In order to see objects that are located close to clear, patients hipermetropi helped with eye glass convex lens (positive).
Hipermetropi can occur because the eye is too often / accustomed to seeing objects that are far away. Eye defect is often experienced by people who worked as a driver, captain, pilot, machinist, and so forth.
3) presbiopi (Old Currency)
People who are old, usually the accommodation power has been reduced. In the eyes presbiopi, nearby point much farther than a point near normal eye (near point of> 25 cm) and a point away much closer than normal eye point (point away <~). Therefore, patients presbiopi can not see objects that are located near or far.
To be able to see much clearly and to read at a normal distance, presbiopi sufferers can be helped by double-lens glasses (bifocal glasses). Bifocal glasses are glasses consisting of two lenses, namely a concave lens and a convex lens. Concave lens function to see distant objects and a convex lens to see objects close / read.
4) Astigmatism
Astigmatism is eye defect in which the curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye is uneven so that the beam can be focused by the eye is not perfect. Astigmatism eye defects can not distinguish vertical lines with horizontal lines together. This eye defect can be remedied with a cylindrical lensed glasses.
c. Optical illusion
Besides having many advantages, the human eye also has some limitations. Therefore, in the observation and measurement, the eye does not always give the right things. Consider the following picture!
2. LUP
Lup or magnifier is an optical instrument consisting of a convex lens. Lup used to see small objects to make them look bigger and clearer. There are two ways to use loops, ie with berakomodasi eyes and the eyes do not berakomodasi.
When the eyes are not yet using the magnifier, the object is obvious when placed at a point close to the observer (s = sn) so that the eye to see objects with multiple angles α. In Figure (b), an observer using a loop in which the object is placed between the point O and F (in the room I) and obtained the shadow lies on a point near the eye of the observer (s' = sn). Because the eye point becomes larger, ie β, then the maximum berakomodasi eye of the observer.
Using a magnifying glass to observe objects with maximum berakomodasi rapidly cause eye fatigue. Therefore, observations using the loop should be done with an eye not berakomodasi (eye in a relaxed state).
In everyday life, the magnifier is typically used by watchmakers, draper, diamond merchants, police, and so on.
3. CAMERA
The camera is a tool used to generate shadow photography on the film negative. Have you used the camera? Usually you use the camera to capture important events.
The camera consists of several parts, among others, as follows:
• convex lens, serves to refract incoming light to form shadow is real, inverted and scaled.
• Diaphragm, is a small hole can be adjusted in width and serves to regulate the amount of light entering through the lens.
• Aperture, serves to regulate large-small diaphragm.
• Plates films, serves as the shadows and produce a negative image, the color image is not the same as the original, translucent.
In the camera there is a convex lens that serves as forming a shadow. If an object is placed in the space of three a convex lens will form a real image, inverted and scaled. Between the camera and the human eye there are similarities, the object captured by the camera and the object seen by human eyes were in a triple room and the camera lens or eyepiece. Forming a shadow that are real, inverted and scaled.
At the camera's shadow falls right on the plate endeavored films that have properties very sensitive to light. If the license plate light sensitive film is exposed to light, the plate movies chemistry changes according to the light and objects in front of the camera. This plate is still sensitive to light, so that the film plate becomes insensitive to light in the studio need to be washed or put in a certain chemical solutions. After the film plate washed or put in a chemical solution earlier, the film becomes thick plate to light and visible images on the film plate is called a negative image (negative film). To obtain an image corresponding to the original picture taken in front of the camera, film negatives are then printed on film paper (usually white in color film paper). Pictures on film paper is taken pictures and objects in front of the camera and is called a positive image. Positive image depends on the process of forming a shadow on the plate this film, if a shadow occurs in the film plate vague or unclear causing later prints too vague or unclear.
To obtain a good shooting, the lens can slide back and forth until it forms a shadow is most apparent with the exact distance, and then you press the shutter button.
Celluloid film plates using a plate coated with gelatin and silver bromide to generate negative. After being washed, the negative is used to produce a positive image (original image) on photo paper. Photo paper is paper covered with a thin layer kolodium were mixed with silver chloride. Images are generated at the transparent areas of the image called diapositif.
4. MICROSCOPE
Microscope is a tool used to view small objects that seem clear and large. The microscope consists of two convex lenses. The lens is close to the observed object (the object) is called the objective lens and the lens closer to the observer called the ocular lenses. The microscope has two lenses called double-lens light microscope.
Because the microscope consists of two positive lens, the objective lens is made stronger than the ocular lens (focal objective lens is shorter than focusing eyepiece). This meant that the observed objects appear very large and the microscope can be made more practical (shorter).
Objects to be observed is placed on a glass slide in front of the objective lens and reside in a second objective lens (f obj <s <2 f obj). This causes the image formed is real, inverted and magnified. The image formed is an object of the objective lens for the ocular lens.
To obtain a clear image, you can slide the eyepiece by rotating the regulator. So that the shadow looks bright, object placed under a concave mirror that serves to collect light and is directed at the object. There are two ways to use the microscope, with maximum berakomodasi eyes and the eyes do not berakomodasi.
The properties of the shadow formed on the microscope as follows.
• The image formed by the objective lens is real, inverted, and enlarged.
• The image is formed ocular lens is virtual, upright, and enlarged.
• The image formed is a virtual microscope, inverted, and enlarged towards the object.
5. TEROPONG
Binoculars or a telescope is an instrument used to view distant objects to appear more vivid and closer. Judging from the object, binoculars can be divided into two, namely binoculars and field glasses.
a. Telescope
Binocular telescope is used to view or observe celestial objects, such as stars, planets, and satellites. Another name is a binocular telescope astronomy. Judging from the way the rays, the telescope can be divided into two, namely binocular refractive and reflective binoculars.
1) Binoculars Bias
Binoculars bias consists of two convex lenses, namely as an objective lens and eyepiece. Rays entering the telescope is refracted by the lens. Therefore, this is called binocular binoculars bias.
Observed objects located in an infinitely distant point, so that the image formed by the objective lens is exactly the focus point. The image formed is an object of the objective lens for the ocular lens. Ocular lens serves as a screen magnifier.
The objective lens has a focal longer than the ocular lens (eyepiece is stronger than the objective lens). It is intended to obtain a clear image and large. The image formed by the objective lens is always real, inverted and scaled. Ocular lens image formed is virtual, inverted, and reduced the observed object. As in the microscope, the telescope can also be used with maximum berakomodasi eyes and the eyes do not berakomodasi.
2) Binoculars Bouncing
Because the course of the rays in teropo ng by way of bouncing the binoculars is called binocular reflected. In binoculars reflection, the light coming collected by a large curved mirror. That light is radiated to the eye of the observer by one or more smaller mirror.
b. Terrain Binoculars / Binoculars Earth
Field glasses used to observe distant objects on the Earth's surface. Binoculars Earth is composed of three convex lenses, respectively as the objective lens, the lens inverting, and eyepiece. Inverting lenses only to reverse the image formed objective lens, not to enlarge the shadow.
Ocular lens serves as a screen magnifier. Because the lens inverting only to reverse the image so the image formed objective lens must be located at the center of curvature inverting lens. Ocular lens is also made more powerful than the objective lens. Binoculars earth or equal to the actual field telescope equipped with inverting lenses.
The nature of the image formed binocular field is virtual, upright, and enlarged.
There are binoculars Earth that only uses two lenses (binocular stage), which is a convex lens as an objective lens and a concave lens as an ocular lens. Concave lens here serves as an inverting the image formed by the objective lens as well as loops.
The nature of the image formed is virtual, upright, and enlarged image formed rather than the objective lens. Binoculars are often called binocular stage or binoculars or telescope Galileo Netherlands.
Binoculars earth and binoculars stage can not be made practical. To that end, made another binoculars the same function, but very practical, ie prism binoculars. Known as the binocular prism binoculars used two prisms juxtaposed crossing between the objective lens and eyepiece so that the final image formed is virtual, upright, and enlarged.
6. periscope
Periscope is a pair of binoculars on a submarine used to observe objects at sea level. Periscope consisting of two convex lens and a second prism isosceles right foot.
The course of the beam on the periscope is as follows:
ɸ parallel rays from distant object toward the objective lens.
ɸ prism P1 reflects the light of the objective lens toward the prism P2.
ɸ By prism beam P2 are reflected again and crossed in front of the ocular lens right at the focal point of the ocular lens.
7. SLIDE PROJECTOR
A slide projector is a device used to project the image diapositif in order to obtain a real image and magnified on the screen. The parts that are important to the slide projector, among other small lamp emits a powerful beam through the center of the glass, a concave mirror that serves as a light reflector, a convex lens to form an image on the screen, and slide or image diapositif.
8. OPTALMOSKUP
This tool is used to examine the retina of the eye. the image depicts the important parts of optalmoskup. beam of light coming from the light source S located at the focus of the lens L 1 refracted parallel to the mirror of the mirror C C. dpantulkan rays to amta. The next doctor can observe the retina through a hole in the midst of mirrors and lenses C L 2 acts as a magnifying glass.
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